unix
9 minLinux Disk Full Errors: Blocks, Inodes, Deleted Files, and Safe Cleanup
Diagnose ENOSPC when disk usage looks confusing, including exhausted inodes and deleted files still held open.
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Q&A
Q&AWhy can a Linux filesystem be full when du shows free space?
Inodes may be exhausted, or deleted files may still be held open by running processes.
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Compare df -h with df -i. If block usage and directory totals disagree, inspect open-but-deleted files with lsof +L1. A process retains allocated blocks until it closes the file; restart or signal the owning service through its safe lifecycle after confirming the file is disposable.
unix
6 minUnix file publication: replace names without exposing partial bytes
Separate atomic visibility from crash durability when publishing local files.
http
8 minHTTP range requests: resume transfers without stitching different files
Use validators, Content-Range, and 416 handling to make partial downloads coherent.
Q&A
Q&AWhy do multi-stage Docker builds matter so much?
They reduce the runtime image to just the files required to execute the service.
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Multi-stage a build lets you compile in one environment and then copy only the final artifact into a slim runtime image. This reduces image size, shortens deployment time, lessens the attack surface, and makes it easier to reason about what the service actually needs to run. It is a packaging discipline, not just a size optimization.
unix
9 minShell Script Debugging: Trace Failures, Preserve Exit Codes, and Fix Safely
A root-cause workflow for shell failures involving quoting, pipelines, unset variables, traps, temporary files, and partial work.
Q&A
Q&AWhat does atomic file replacement leave unchanged for existing readers?
An already open descriptor still refers to the old file object.
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Write a complete temporary file on the same filesystem and replace the pathname. New opens see the replacement; existing descriptors keep the old object. Durability and concurrent-writer coordination are separate guarantees.
unix
8 minUnix Foundations: File Permissions, Ownership, and Descriptors
Understand users, groups, permission bits, file descriptors, and redirection so shell and service behavior is easier to debug.